Cov khoom siv av nplaum tau yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg lub neej tau ntau txhiab xyoo, hloov zuj zus los ntawm cov khoom siv av nplaum yooj yim mus rau cov khoom siv siab heev uas muaj zog rau thev naus laus zis niaj hnub. Txawm hais tias feem ntau cov neeg paub txog cov khoom siv av nplaum hauv tsev xws li cov tais diav thiab cov thoob dej, cov khoom siv av nplaum hauv kev lag luam ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam aerospace, electronics, thiab kev kho mob. Txawm hais tias muaj lub npe zoo sib xws, ob pawg no sawv cev rau cov ceg sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov khoom sib xyaw, cov yam ntxwv, thiab kev siv tshwj xeeb.
Qhov Kev Sib Txawv Tseem Ceeb hauv Cov Khoom Siv Ceramic
Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, lub khob tshuaj yej porcelain thiab lub hniav turbine yuav zoo li tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam dab tsi li lawv cov kev faib ua cov khoom siv ceramic. Qhov kev sib cais no yog los ntawm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv raw thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Cov khoom siv ceramic hauv tsev - feem ntau hu ua "cov khoom siv ceramic dav dav" hauv kev lag luam - vam khom cov khoom sib xyaw ua los ntawm av nplaum ib txwm muaj. Cov khoom sib xyaw no feem ntau sib xyaw av nplaum (30-50%), feldspar (25-40%), thiab quartz (20-30%) hauv cov feem sib npaug zoo. Cov mis no tau sim thiab muaj tseeb tsis hloov pauv ntau pua xyoo, muab qhov sib npaug zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau zoo, lub zog, thiab lub peev xwm zoo nkauj.
Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv, cov khoom siv ua los ntawm cov av nplaum hauv kev lag luam—tshwj xeeb yog "cov khoom siv ua los ntawm cov av nplaum tshwj xeeb"—sawv cev rau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev tsim khoom siv. Cov qauv siab heev no hloov cov av nplaum ib txwm muaj nrog cov tshuaj synthetic uas muaj cov khoom huv siab xws li alumina (Al₂O₃), zirconia (ZrO₂), silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), thiab silicon carbide (SiC). Raws li American Ceramic Society, cov khoom siv ua los ntawm cov av nplaum no tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub siab tshaj 1,600 ° C thaum tseem tswj tau cov khoom siv kho tshuab zoo heev—qhov zoo tseem ceeb hauv cov chaw ib puag ncig hnyav los ntawm cov cav dav hlau mus rau kev tsim khoom semiconductor.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tsim khoom yuav pom tseeb dua thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom. Cov khoom siv av nplaum hauv tsev ua raws li cov txheej txheem uas tau siv sijhawm ntev: ua kom zoo nkauj los ntawm tes lossis pwm, ziab cua, thiab hlawv ib zaug ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1,000-1,300 ° C. Cov txheej txheem no muab qhov tseem ceeb rau kev siv nyiaj tsim nyog thiab kev ua kom zoo nkauj, ua rau muaj cov xim ci ntsa iab thiab cov qauv tsim uas muaj nqis rau hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj hauv tsev thiab cov khoom siv rooj tog.
Cov khoom siv ua los ntawm cov ...
Kev Sib Piv Txog Vaj Tse: Tshaj Qhov Sib Txawv Ntawm Qhov Chaw
Cov khoom siv thiab kev tsim khoom sib txawv txhais tau ncaj qha rau cov yam ntxwv kev ua tau zoo. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev ua tau zoo hauv kev siv txhua hnub los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev pheej yig, kev ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab lub peev xwm kho kom zoo nkauj. Lawv qhov porosity, feem ntau 5-15%, tso cai rau kev nqus cov glazes uas tsim ob qho tib si ua haujlwm thiab zoo nkauj. Txawm hais tias muaj zog txaus rau kev siv txhua hnub, lawv cov kev txwv kho tshuab pom tseeb hauv qab qhov xwm txheej hnyav - kev hloov pauv kub tam sim ntawd tuaj yeem ua rau tawg, thiab kev cuam tshuam loj feem ntau ua rau tawg.
Piv txwv li, cov khoom siv ua los ntawm ...
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pawg. Cov khoom siv ceramic hauv tsev ua haujlwm ua cov insulators zoo, nrog rau cov dielectric constants feem ntau ntawm 6-10. Cov yam ntxwv no ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau cov ntawv thov hluav taws xob yooj yim xws li cov khob insulator lossis cov teeb pom kev zoo nkauj. Qhov sib txawv, cov khoom siv ceramic kev lag luam tshwj xeeb muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb - los ntawm cov dielectric constants siab (10,000+) ntawm barium titanate siv hauv capacitors mus rau tus cwj pwm semiconducting ntawm doped silicon carbide hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov kub thiab txias yog lwm qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm hais tias cov khoom siv hauv tsev muaj qhov tiv taus kub me ntsis rau cov khoom siv hauv qhov cub, cov khoom siv ceramic siab heev xws li txhuas nitride (AlN) muaj qhov ua kom sov tshaj 200 W/(m·K)—mus txog qhov zoo li qee cov hlau. Cov yam ntxwv no ua rau lawv tsis tseem ceeb hauv kev ntim khoom siv hluav taws xob, qhov twg kev ua kom sov zoo cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev ntseeg siab.
Cov Kev Siv Thoob Plaws Kev Lag Luam: Los ntawm Chav Ua Noj mus rau Cosmos
Cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov pawg ceramic no ua rau muaj kev siv sib txawv. Cov khoom siv ceramic hauv tsev tseem txuas ntxiv tswj hwm cov chaw hauv tsev los ntawm peb ntu khoom tseem ceeb: cov khoom siv rooj tog (phaj, tais, khob), cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj (vases, figurines, kos duab phab ntsa), thiab cov khoom siv (vuas, khoom siv ua noj, thawv cia khoom). Raws li Statista, kev lag luam ceramic hauv tsev thoob ntiaj teb tau txog $ 233 billion hauv xyoo 2023, tsav los ntawm kev thov ruaj khov rau ob qho tib si ua haujlwm thiab zoo nkauj ceramic khoom.
Qhov ua tau ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv ua los ntawm av nplaum hauv tsev yog qhov pom tseeb tshwj xeeb hauv lawv cov kev siv kho kom zoo nkauj. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom niaj hnub no sib xyaw cov khoom siv tes ua ib txwm muaj nrog cov qauv tsim niaj hnub, ua rau muaj cov khoom uas muaj ntau yam los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev Scandinavian minimalist mus rau cov khoom kos duab pleev xim tes zoo nkauj. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tau tso cai rau cov chaw tsim khoom ua los ntawm av nplaum kom tswj tau qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam khoom siv hauv tsev uas sib tw ntau zuj zus.
Piv txwv li, cov khoom siv ua los ntawm ...
Kev lag luam tsheb kuj tau siv cov khoom siv ceramic zoo sib xws. Cov cuab yeej ntsuas pa oxygen Zirconia ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm qhov sib xyaw roj-cua kom raug hauv cov cav niaj hnub, thaum cov insulators alumina tiv thaiv cov kab ke hluav taws xob los ntawm cua sov thiab kev co. Cov tsheb fais fab, tshwj xeeb, tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic - los ntawm cov khoom siv alumina hauv cov khoom siv hloov pauv catalytic mus rau silicon carbide fais fab electronics uas txhim kho kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev them ceev.
Kev tsim khoom siv semiconductor sawv cev rau lwm qhov chaw loj hlob rau cov khoom siv ceramics hauv kev lag luam. Cov khoom siv alumina thiab aluminium nitride uas muaj cov khoom huv si thiab cov khoom siv aluminium nitride muab kev huv si thiab kev tswj hwm thermal uas xav tau hauv cov txheej txheem photolithography thiab etching. Thaum cov neeg tsim chips thawb mus rau cov nodes me dua thiab cov zog ntau dua, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom siv ceramic siab heev txuas ntxiv mus nrawm dua.
Cov ntawv thov kho mob qhia txog kev siv cov khoom siv ceramic tshiab tshaj plaws. Zirconia thiab alumina implants muab kev sib raug zoo nrog cov khoom siv kho mob uas nyob ze rau pob txha ntuj. Kev lag luam ceramic kho mob thoob ntiaj teb kwv yees tias yuav ncav cuag $ 13.2 billion los ntawm 2027 raws li Grand View Research, tsav los ntawm cov pej xeem laus thiab kev nce qib hauv kev kho mob pob txha thiab cov txheej txheem kho hniav.
Kev Sib Koom Tes Hauv Kev Siv Tshuab thiab Cov Qauv Yav Tom Ntej
Txawm hais tias lawv txawv ntawm lwm cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam, cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov thev naus laus zis. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom siab heev uas tau tsim los rau cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam tab tom nrhiav txoj hauv kev rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev zoo tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, kev luam ntawv 3D tso cai rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas tsim tshwj xeeb nrog cov qauv nyuaj uas yav dhau los tsis yooj yim sua nrog cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov kev xav zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev tsim khoom lag luam. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov neeg siv khoom nce ntxiv muaj cov khoom siv ceramic tsis yog rau lawv cov khoom siv xwb tab sis rau lawv qhov zoo nkauj thiab kev xav zoo. Cov chaw tsim khoom siv smartwatch xws li Apple thiab Samsung siv zirconia ceramics rau cov rooj zaum saib, siv cov khoom siv tiv thaiv khawb thiab qhov tsos tshwj xeeb los sib txawv cov qauv siab.
Kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ruaj khov yog qhov tsav tsheb kev tsim kho tshiab thoob plaws ob pawg. Kev tsim cov khoom siv ceramic ib txwm muaj zog heev, ua rau muaj kev tshawb fawb txog cov txheej txheem sintering qis dua thiab cov khoom siv raw lwm yam. Cov chaw tsim khoom siv ceramic hauv kev lag luam tab tom tshawb nrhiav cov hmoov ceramic rov ua dua tshiab, thaum cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tsev tsim cov glazes biodegradable thiab cov sijhawm ua haujlwm zoo dua.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev txhim kho zoo siab tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic. Cov khoom siv ceramic uas muaj nanostructured cog lus tias yuav muaj zog thiab tawv dua, thaum cov khoom siv ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) sib xyaw cov fibers ceramic nrog cov khoom siv ceramic matrices rau cov ntawv thov uas yav dhau los txwv rau superalloys. Cov kev tsim kho tshiab no yuav nthuav dav ntxiv cov ciam teb ntawm qhov uas cov khoom siv ceramic tuaj yeem ua tiav - los ntawm cov khoom siv tsheb hypersonic mus rau cov tshuab khaws cia lub zog tiam tom ntej.
Thaum peb txaus siab rau qhov zoo nkauj ntawm lub thoob dej ua los ntawm tes lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm peb cov tais diav noj mov, nws tsim nyog lees paub lub ntiaj teb sib luag ntawm cov khoom siv ua los ntawm tes uas ua rau muaj thev naus laus zis niaj hnub. Ob ceg ntawm cov khoom siv thaum ub no txuas ntxiv hloov zuj zus ntawm lawv tus kheej tab sis tseem txuas nrog lawv cov khoom siv ua los ntawm tes - ua pov thawj tias txawm tias cov khoom siv qub tshaj plaws tuaj yeem tsav cov kev tsim kho tshiab tshaj plaws.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Hli-31-2025