Epoxy granite, tseem hu ua hluavtaws granite, yog sib xyaw ntawm epoxy thiab granite feem ntau siv los ua lwm yam khoom siv rau cov cuab yeej siv tshuab.Epoxy granite yog siv los hloov cov cam khwb cia hlau thiab hlau kom zoo dua vibration damping, lub neej ntev, thiab cov nqi sib dhos.
Tshuab cuab yeej puag
Cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab lwm cov tshuab ua haujlwm siab vam khom siab, ruaj khov mus ntev, thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hauv paus rau lawv cov kev ua haujlwm zoo li qub thiab muaj zog.Cov ntaub ntawv siv dav tshaj plaws rau cov qauv no yog cam khwb cia hlau, welded steel fabrications, thiab ntuj granite.Vim tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg mus sij hawm ntev thiab tsis zoo damping zog, steel fabricated lug tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv high precision yuav tsum tau.Zoo zoo cam khwb cia hlau uas muaj kev ntxhov siab-relieved thiab annealed yuav muab cov qauv seem stability, thiab yuav cam khwb cia rau hauv complex duab, tab sis xav tau ib tug kim machining txheej txheem los tsim precision nto tom qab casting.
Zoo-zoo ntuj granite tau dhau los ua nyuaj nrhiav, tab sis muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog ntau dua li cov hlau cam khwb cia.Ntxiv dua thiab, zoo li cov hlau cam khwb cia, machining ntawm ntuj granite yog kev ua haujlwm hnyav thiab kim.
Precision granite castings yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw granite aggregates (uas yog crushed, ntxuav, thiab qhuav) nrog ib tug epoxy resin system ntawm ambient kub (ie, txias curing txheej txheem).Quartz aggregate muab tub lim kuj tuaj yeem siv rau hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg.Vibratory compaction thaum lub sij hawm molding txheej txheem nruj nreem ntim cov aggregate ua ke.
Threaded inserts, steel daim hlau, thiab cov kav dej txias tuaj yeem raug cam khwb cia thaum lub sij hawm casting txheej txheem.Txhawm rau kom ua tiav qib siab dua ntawm kev ua tau zoo, cov kab hluav taws xob, cov hauv av swb-txoj kev thiab lub cev muaj zog tuaj yeem rov ua dua lossis grouted-hauv, yog li tshem tawm qhov xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm tom qab cam khwb cia.Qhov saum npoo ntawm qhov casting yog zoo li cov pwm nto.
Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo
Qhov zoo muaj xws li:
■ Kev vibration damping.
■ Flexibility: kev cai linear txoj kev, hydraulic kua tso tsheb hlau luam, threaded inserts, txiav kua, thiab conduit piping tau tag nrho cov kev koom ua ke rau hauv lub polymer puag.
■ Kev suav nrog cov ntxig thiab lwm yam tso cai rau kev txo qis ntawm qhov ua tiav casting.
■ Lub sij hawm los ua ke yog txo los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntau yam hauv ib qho casting.
■ Tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov phab ntsa tuab, tso cai rau kev tsim kom yooj yim dua ntawm koj lub hauv paus.
■ Tshuaj tiv thaiv rau feem ntau cov kuab tshuaj, acids, alkalis, thiab txiav kua.
■ Tsis tas yuav pleev xim.
■Composite muaj qhov ntom ntom zoo ib yam li txhuas (tab sis cov khoom yog tuab dua kom ua tiav lub zog sib npaug).
■ Cov txheej txheem sib xyaw polymer pob zeb ua haujlwm siv zog tsawg dua li cov hlau castings.Polymer cam khwb cia resins siv lub zog me me los tsim, thiab cov txheej txheem casting yog ua tiav ntawm chav tsev kub.
Epoxy granite cov khoom muaj qhov cuam tshuam sab hauv txog li kaum zaus zoo dua li cov hlau cam khwb cia, mus txog peb zaug zoo dua li ntuj granite, thiab mus txog peb caug npaug zoo dua li cov qauv steel fabricated.Nws tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov coolants, muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntev ntev, txhim kho thermal stability, siab torsional thiab dynamic rigidity, zoo heev suab nrov absorption, thiab negligible internal stresses.
Qhov tsis zoo muaj xws li lub zog qis hauv cov ntu nyias (tsawg dua 1 hauv (25 hli)), tsis muaj zog tensile, thiab tsis tshua muaj kev poob siab.
Kev taw qhia txog cov ntxhia casting thav duab
Mineral-casting yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws, niaj hnub siv.Cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov tshuab precision yog cov pioneers hauv kev siv cov ntxhia casting.Niaj hnub no, nws siv hais txog CNC milling tshuab, laum presses, grinders thiab hluav taws xob tawm tshuab tau nce, thiab qhov zoo tsis txwv rau cov tshuab ceev ceev.
Mineral casting, tseem hu ua epoxy granite cov ntaub ntawv, muaj cov ntxhia pob zeb zoo li pob zeb, quartz xuab zeb, glacial pluas noj thiab cov ntaub ntawv.Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke raws li cov lus qhia meej thiab nchuav txias rau hauv pwm.Lub hauv paus ruaj khov yog lub hauv paus rau kev vam meej!
Cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thev naus laus zis yuav tsum khiav nrawm dua thiab nrawm dua, thiab muab qhov tseeb ntau dua li qhov qub.Txawm li cas los xij, kev mus ncig siab thiab kev ua haujlwm hnyav ua rau tsis xav tau kev co ntawm lub tshuab thav duab.Cov kev vibrations no yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau ntawm qhov chaw, thiab lawv ua rau lub neej luv.Mineral-casting thav duab sai txo kev vibrations - txog 6 zaug sai dua li cov cam khwb cia hlau thiab 10 npaug sai dua steel ncej.
Cov cuab yeej siv tshuab nrog cov ntxhia casting txaj, xws li tshuab milling thiab grinder, yog qhov tseeb dua thiab ua tiav qhov zoo dua qub.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cuab yeej hnav tau txo qis thiab kev pab cuam lub neej txuas ntxiv.
Composite ntxhia (epoxy granite) casting ncej coj ntau yam zoo::
- Shaping thiab lub zog: Cov txheej txheem ntxhia casting muab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ywj pheej nrog rau cov duab ntawm cov khoom.Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem ua rau muaj kev sib piv siab zog thiab qhov hnyav dua.
- Kev koom ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem: Cov txheej txheem ntxhia casting ua rau kev sib koom ua ke yooj yim ntawm cov qauv thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv xws li cov kev taw qhia, threaded inserts thiab kev sib txuas rau cov kev pab cuam, thaum lub sij hawm qhov tseeb casting txheej txheem.
- Kev tsim cov txheej txheem tshuab nyuaj: Dab tsi yuav yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg nrog cov txheej txheem ib txwm ua tau nrog cov pob zeb hauv av casting: Ntau qhov chaw tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke los tsim cov txheej txheem nyuaj los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke.
- Economical dimensional precision: Nyob rau hauv ntau zaus cov mineral cam khwb cia hlau yog cam khwb cia rau qhov kawg qhov ntev vim hais tias xyaum tsis muaj contraction tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm hardening.Nrog rau qhov no, cov txheej txheem kim ntxiv tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm.
- Precision: Cov ntaub ntawv muaj tseeb lossis cov chaw txhawb nqa tau ua tiav los ntawm kev sib tsoo ntxiv, sib sau lossis milling kev ua haujlwm.Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no, ntau lub tswv yim tshuab tuaj yeem siv tau zoo nkauj thiab ua tau zoo.
- Zoo thermal stability: Mineral casting reacts qeeb heev rau qhov kub thiab txias hloov vim tias cov thermal conductivity qis dua cov khoom siv hlau.Vim li no, lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hloov tau cuam tshuam tsawg dua ntawm qhov raug ntawm lub tshuab cuab yeej.Lub thermal stability zoo dua ntawm lub tshuab txaj txhais tau hais tias tag nrho cov geometry ntawm lub tshuab tau zoo dua qub thiab, vim li ntawd, geometrical yuam kev raug txo kom tsawg.
- Tsis muaj corrosion: Mineral-cast Cheebtsam yog tiv thaiv cov roj, coolants thiab lwm yam aggressive kua.
- Kev co damping ntau dua rau kev pab cuam lub neej ntev dua: peb cov ntxhia casting ua tiav txog li 10x zoo dua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev co damping dua hlau lossis cam khwb cia hlau.Ua tsaug rau cov yam ntxwv no, tau txais kev ruaj ntseg siab heev ntawm lub tshuab qauv.Cov txiaj ntsig uas qhov no muaj rau cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab cov neeg siv tau pom tseeb: zoo dua ntawm qhov chaw tiav ntawm cov tshuab lossis cov khoom siv hauv av thiab cov cuab yeej siv lub neej ntev ua rau cov nqi qis dua.
- Ib puag ncig: Kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig thaum tsim khoom raug txo.
Mineral casting ncej vs cam khwb cia hlau ncej
Saib hauv qab no cov txiaj ntsig ntawm peb cov ntxhia tshiab casting vs cam khwb cia hlau thav duab yav dhau los siv:
| Mineral Casting (Epoxy Granite) | Cast Iron | |
| Damping | Siab | Tsawg |
| Thaum tshav kub kub Performance | Tsawg tshav kub conductivity thiab siab spec.kub muaj peev xwm | High tshav kub conductivity thiab qis spec.Thaum tshav kub kub muaj peev xwm |
| Embedded Parts | Unlimited tsim thiab Ib qho pwm thiab seamless kev twb kev txuas | Machining tsim nyog |
| Corrosion Resistance | Ntxiv siab | Tsawg |
| Ib puag ncig Kev phooj ywg | Tsawg zog noj | Kev siv hluav taws xob siab |
Xaus
Mineral casting yog zoo tagnrho rau peb CNC tshuab ncej qauv.Nws muaj cov cuab yeej meej, kev lag luam thiab ib puag ncig zoo.Mineral casting thev naus laus zis muab kev co zoo heev damping, tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm siab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thermal (thermal expansion zoo ib yam li cov hlau).Cov khoom sib txuas, cables, sensor thiab ntsuas tshuab tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv lub rooj sib txoos.
Dab tsi yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntxhia casting granite txaj machining chaw?
Mineral castings (man-made granite aka resin pob zeb) tau txais dav hauv kev lag luam tshuab cuab yeej rau ntau tshaj 30 xyoo ua cov khoom siv.
Raws li kev txheeb cais, hauv Tebchaws Europe, ib qho ntawm txhua 10 lub tshuab cuab yeej siv cov ntxhia castings ua lub txaj.Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv cov kev paub tsis tsim nyog, cov ntaub ntawv tsis tiav lossis cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus siab thiab kev txiav txim siab rau Mineral Castings.Yog li ntawd, thaum ua cov cuab yeej tshiab, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tshuaj xyuas qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ntxhia castings thiab muab piv nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv.
Lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim kho tshuab feem ntau muab faib ua cam khwb cia hlau, ntxhia casting (polymer thiab / lossis reactive resin qhob), steel / welded qauv (grouting / non-grouting) thiab ntuj pob zeb (xws li granite).Txhua yam khoom muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, thiab tsis muaj cov khoom siv zoo meej.Tsuas yog los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv raws li cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, tuaj yeem xaiv cov khoom siv zoo tagnrho.
Ob lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv - lav qhov geometry, txoj haujlwm thiab lub zog nqus ntawm cov khoom, feem ntau muab cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua haujlwm (zoo li qub, dynamic thiab thermal kev ua tau zoo), kev ua haujlwm / cov qauv (qhov tseeb, qhov hnyav, phab ntsa tuab, yooj yim ntawm kev taw qhia rails) rau cov ntaub ntawv installation, media circulation system, logistics) thiab cov nqi yuav tsum tau (nqi, kom muaj nuj nqis, muaj, system yam ntxwv).
I. Cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau cov khoom siv
1. Cov yam ntxwv zoo li qub
Cov kev ntsuas rau kev ntsuas cov khoom zoo li qub ntawm lub hauv paus feem ntau yog qhov nruj ntawm cov khoom - qhov tsawg kawg deformation nyob rau hauv load, es tsis muaj zog.Rau qhov zoo li qub elastic deformation, ntxhia castings tuaj yeem xav tias yog cov khoom siv isotropic homogeneous ua raws Hooke txoj cai.
Qhov ceev thiab elastic modulus ntawm ntxhia castings yog feem 1/3 ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia.Txij li cov ntxhia castings thiab cam khwb cia hlau muaj tib yam nruj nruj, nyob rau hauv tib qhov hnyav, lub rigidity ntawm hlau castings thiab ntxhia castings yog tib yam yam tsis xav txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov duab.Feem ntau, cov qauv tsim phab ntsa thickness ntawm cov ntxhia castings feem ntau yog 3 npaug ntawm cov hlau castings, thiab cov qauv tsim no yuav tsis ua rau muaj teeb meem ntawm cov khoom siv los yog cov khoom siv.Mineral castings yog tsim rau kev ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw zoo li qub uas muaj lub siab (xws li txaj, kev txhawb nqa, kab) thiab tsis haum raws li cov phab ntsa nyias nyias thiab / lossis cov thav ntawv me me (xws li cov rooj, pallets, cov cuab yeej hloov pauv, cov tsheb thauj khoom, kev txhawb nqa spindle).Qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau yog txwv los ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv pob zeb, thiab cov khoom siv hlau casting saum toj no 15 tons feem ntau tsis tshua muaj.
2. Cov yam ntxwv dynamic
Qhov ntau dua qhov kev sib hloov ceev thiab / lossis acceleration ntawm lub ncej, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub tshuab yog.Qhov chaw nrawm nrawm, hloov cov cuab yeej ceev, thiab cov khoom siv ceev ceev tsis tu ncua ntxiv dag zog rau cov neeg kho tshuab resonance thiab dynamic excitation ntawm lub tshuab yam ntxwv.Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tsim qauv ntawm cov khoom siv, qhov deflection, kev faib tawm ntau, thiab kev nruj nruj ntawm cov khoom yog cuam tshuam zoo heev los ntawm cov khoom damping ntawm cov khoom.
Kev siv cov ntxhia castings muab kev daws teeb meem zoo rau cov teeb meem no.Vim nws absorbs vibrations 10 npaug zoo dua li cov tsoos cam khwb cia hlau, nws tuaj yeem txo qhov amplitude thiab ntuj zaus.
Hauv kev ua haujlwm xws li machining, nws tuaj yeem nqa tau siab dua, zoo dua qhov zoo, thiab lub neej ntev dua.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hais txog kev cuam tshuam lub suab nrov, cov ntxhia castings kuj ua tau zoo los ntawm kev sib piv thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov hauv paus, kis tau tus mob castings thiab accessories ntawm cov khoom sib txawv rau cov cav loj thiab centrifuges.Raws li qhov cuam tshuam lub suab tsom, cov pob zeb hauv av tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov txo qis hauv zos ntawm 20% hauv suab siab.
3. Cov khoom cua sov
Cov kws tshaj lij kwv yees tias kwv yees li 80% ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tshuab sib txawv yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov teebmeem thermal.Cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab hauv lossis sab nraud, preheating, hloov workpieces, thiab lwm yam yog txhua yam ua rau thermal deformation.Txhawm rau kom muaj peev xwm xaiv cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau qhia meej txog cov khoom siv.Cov cua kub tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tshua muaj thermal conductivity tso cai rau cov pob zeb hauv av kom muaj cov thermal inertia zoo rau qhov kub thiab txias cuam tshuam (xws li hloov cov khoom ua haujlwm) thiab qhov kub thiab txias hloov pauv.Yog hais tias yuav tsum tau ceev preheating zoo li lub txaj hlau los yog lub txaj kub yog txwv tsis pub, cov cua sov los yog cua txias tuaj yeem ncaj qha mus rau hauv cov ntxhia casting los tswj qhov kub thiab txias.Kev siv cov cuab yeej ntsuas kub no tuaj yeem txo qhov deformation los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, uas yuav pab txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm tus nqi tsim nyog.
II.Kev ua haujlwm thiab cov qauv tsim nyog
Kev ncaj ncees yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov txawv ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv.Qhov siab tshaj plaws casting kub rau cov ntxhia castings yog 45 ° C, thiab ua ke nrog high-precision pwm thiab cov cuab yeej, qhov chaw thiab cov ntxhia castings tuaj yeem raug cam khwb cia ua ke.
Advanced re-casting cov txheej txheem kuj tseem siv tau rau cov pob zeb hauv av casting blanks, uas ua rau cov mounting meej thiab rail qhov chaw uas tsis tas yuav machining.Zoo li lwm cov ntaub ntawv hauv paus, cov ntxhia castings raug rau cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb.Phab ntsa thickness, load-bearing accessories, rib inserts, loading thiab unloading txoj kev yog tag nrho cov txawv los ntawm lwm yam ntaub ntawv mus rau ib tug tej yam, thiab yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua ntej thaum tsim.
III.Cov nqi xav tau
Txawm hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau xav txog los ntawm kev pom zoo, kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus nqi yog nce qhia nws qhov tseem ceeb.Siv cov ntxhia castings tso cai rau cov kws ua haujlwm kom txuag tau cov nqi tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb.Ntxiv rau kev txuag ntawm cov nqi machining, casting, kev sib dhos zaum kawg, thiab nce nqi logistics (warehousing and transport) yog tag nrho txo raws li.Xav txog qhov kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov ntxhia castings, nws yuav tsum tau saib raws li qhov project tag nrho.Qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov tsim nyog ntau dua los ua tus nqi sib piv thaum lub hauv paus tau teeb tsa lossis ua ntej.Tus nqi pib tseem ceeb yog tus nqi ntawm cov pob zeb casting pwm thiab cov cuab yeej, tab sis tus nqi no tuaj yeem diluted nyob rau hauv kev siv ntev (500-1000 daim / hlau pwm), thiab kev noj txhua xyoo yog li 10-15 daim.
IV.Scope ntawm kev siv
Raws li cov khoom siv, cov ntxhia castings tau hloov pauv cov khoom siv niaj hnub, thiab tus yuam sij rau nws txoj kev loj hlob sai yog nyob rau hauv cov ntxhia casting, pwm, thiab kev sib txuas ruaj khov.Tam sim no, cov ntxhia castings tau siv dav hauv ntau lub tshuab cuab yeej xws li kev sib tsoo tshuab thiab kev ua haujlwm siab.Sib tsoo tshuab manufacturers tau pioneers nyob rau hauv lub tshuab cuab tam sector siv ntxhia castings rau tshuab txaj.Piv txwv li, cov tuam txhab muaj npe nrov hauv ntiaj teb xws li ABA z&b, Bahmler, Jung, Mikrosa, Schaudt, Stude, thiab lwm yam tau yeej ib txwm tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm damping, thermal inertia thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov ntxhia castings kom tau txais qhov siab precision thiab zoo heev hauv cov txheej txheem sib tsoo. .
Nrog ib puas-nce dynamic loads, ntxhia castings kuj tau nce kev nyiam los ntawm lub ntiaj teb-ua tuam txhab uas muag nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov cuab yeej grinders.Cov pob zeb hauv av casting txaj muaj rigidity zoo heev thiab tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov quab yuam los ntawm kev nrawm ntawm lub cev muaj zog.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov organic sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm kev vibration absorption thiab linear motor tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm lub log sib tsoo.
Raws li ib feem.Hauv 10000mm ntawm qhov ntev yog ib qho yooj yim rau peb.
Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus phab ntsa thickness yog dab tsi?
Feem ntau, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus seem thickness ntawm lub tshuab puag yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 60 hli.Thinner seem (piv txwv li 10mm tuab) tuaj yeem cam khwb cia nrog cov khoom sib xyaw zoo thiab cov qauv tsim.
Lub shrinkage tus nqi tom qab pouring yog hais txog 0.1-0.3mm ib 1000mm.Thaum yuav tsum tau muaj cov ntxhia casting tshuab qhov tseeb dua, kev kam rau siab tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev sib tsoo cnc, tes lapping, lossis lwm yam txheej txheem machining.
Peb cov khoom siv hlau casting yog xaiv xwm Jinan Dub granite.Feem ntau ntawm cov tuam txhab tsuas yog xaiv qhov xwm txheej granite lossis pob zeb ib txwm siv hauv kev tsim kho vaj tsev.
· Cov ntaub ntawv nyoos: nrog rau cov cim Jinan Black Granite (tseem hu ua 'JinanQing' granite) cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, uas yog lub ntiaj teb nto moo rau lub zog siab, siab rigidity thiab siab hnav tsis kam;
· Formula: nrog rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntxiv epoxy resins thiab additives, cov khoom sib txawv siv cov formulations sib txawv los xyuas kom meej qhov kev ua tau zoo;
· Mechanical zog: qhov kev vibration absorption yog li ntawm 10 npaug ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia, zoo li qub thiab dynamic zog;
· Lub cev muaj zog: ntom yog li 1/3 ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia, siab dua thermal barrier zog dua hlau, tsis hygroscopic, zoo thermal stability;
· Cov khoom siv tshuaj: siab dua corrosion dua li hlau, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg;
· Dimensional raug: linear contraction tom qab casting yog hais txog 0.1-0.3㎜ / m, siab heev daim ntawv thiab counter raug nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov dav hlau;
· Cov qauv kev ncaj ncees: cov qauv nyuaj tuaj yeem nrum, thaum siv cov granite feem ntau yuav tsum tau sib dhos, sib txuas thiab sib txuas;
· Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermal qeeb: reacts rau lub sij hawm luv luv kub hloov yog qeeb qeeb thiab ntau dua;
· Embedded inserts: fasteners, kav, cables thiab chambers yuav embedded rau hauv cov qauv, inserts cov ntaub ntawv xws li hlau, pob zeb, ceramic thiab yas thiab lwm yam.